Gum disease can start quietly. In fact, many people do not realize they have it until the symptoms become more serious. Understanding the signs and symptoms early on can help you take action before the condition worsens. Gum disease, also called periodontal disease, is an infection of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. It often begins with inflammation, but it can progress to affect the bone beneath the gums if not treated.
The earliest stage of gum disease is called gingivitis. It is usually caused by plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—that builds up on your teeth. One of the first signs you might notice is bleeding gums, especially when you brush or floss. This is not normal, even if it happens often. Healthy gums should not bleed easily.
Another symptom is redness or swelling in the gums. Gums that look puffy or feel tender to the touch may be showing signs of inflammation. You might also notice a change in color—healthy gums are typically a light pink, while gums affected by gingivitis can look red or even purplish.
Bad breath that does not go away after brushing is another common sign. This may be caused by bacteria trapped below the gumline. Some people also experience a bad taste in their mouth that seems to linger, even when they are not eating.
As the disease progresses from gingivitis to a more serious form called periodontitis, the symptoms can become more severe. One of the main indicators is gum recession, where the gums begin to pull away from the teeth. This can make your teeth look longer than normal. You may also feel sensitivity to hot or cold foods as the roots of your teeth become more exposed.
In advanced stages, you might notice that your teeth feel loose or shift in your mouth. This happens when the bone and connective tissue that hold the teeth in place are damaged. You may even notice pus between the teeth and gums, which is a clear sign of infection.
Pain is not always present, especially in the early stages. This is why regular dental checkups are so important. A dentist can spot early symptoms even if you do not feel anything unusual.
It is worth noting that gum disease does not affect everyone in the same way. Some people may have more aggressive forms due to genetics, smoking, diabetes, or certain medications. That is why noticing any changes in your gum health and acting early can make a big difference.
While symptoms of gum disease typically range from bleeding gums and bad breath, if left untreated, periodontal disease can lead to gum recession and loose teeth. These signs often appear gradually, so they are easy to overlook. Paying attention to the health of your gums, brushing and flossing regularly, and seeing a dentist for routine care are the best ways to catch these symptoms early and take steps to treat them before they become more serious.