Gum disease is a condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting your teeth. It starts with mild irritation but can lead to serious health issues if not treated. The medical term for gum disease is periodontal disease. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth and gums over time.
In its earliest stage, gum disease is called gingivitis. At this point, the damage is still reversible. The signs are often subtle: your gums may bleed when you brush or floss, they might look red or swollen, and you could notice bad breath that does not go away. Gingivitis is very common, and many people have it without realizing it. The good news is that with proper oral hygiene and regular dental care, gingivitis can be controlled and even reversed.
If gingivitis is not treated, it can progress into a more serious condition called periodontitis. At this stage, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth, forming pockets. These pockets collect food and bacteria, which can become infected. As your immune system tries to fight the infection, it also starts to break down the tissue and bone that hold your teeth in place. This can cause your teeth to become loose or even fall out.
There are several types of periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is the most common and typically progresses slowly. Aggressive periodontitis is less common but moves quickly and can lead to early tooth loss. There are also forms of gum disease linked to other health conditions, such as diabetes or immune system problems.
Gum disease is not just a dental issue. Research has shown that it is linked to other health problems, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and respiratory conditions. This happens because the bacteria from infected gums can enter your bloodstream and affect other parts of your body. That is why it is important to treat gum disease early and take it seriously.
The risk of developing gum disease increases with poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, certain medications, and genetics. Hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy, can also make gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation. If you fall into any of these categories, your dentist may recommend more frequent cleanings and checkups.
The best way to prevent gum disease is through regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental care. Brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing once daily, and seeing your dentist every six months can help keep plaque in check and reduce your risk.
Gum disease is a serious but preventable condition that affects the gums and bones supporting your teeth. It starts as gingivitis and can progress to periodontitis if left untreated. The consequences range from bad breath and bleeding gums to tooth loss and other health issues. By maintaining good oral hygiene and staying on top of your dental visits, you can protect your gums and support your overall health.